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US Equities

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Modeled fair value
SPY · US Large-Cap Index
-1.9Expensive
60708090100110120130140FAIRMARKET
P10–P90P25–P75Median fair valueToday's market price = 100

Today’s price sits at the 82.4th percentile of modeled fair value — 18% of modeled scenarios put fair value above the market.

Median fair value
90.1
index, market = 100
Upside to median
-9.9%
Last close
$778.01
2026-10-13
Confidence
high
82/100
Modeled returns

Return distributions, not point forecasts

Percentiles describe the spread of scenario outcomes under the stated method. The width of the range carries as much information as the midpoint.

One year

modeled
P90
+24.5%
P75
+15.0%
Median
+3.8%
P25
-8.5%
P10
-21.0%

54% of modeled scenarios end positive.

Scenario total return from earnings growth of about 9% including buyback accretion, which shrinks the far higher consensus figure toward a sustainable trend, a 1.15% dividend yield, and roughly six points of negative valuation contribution as a partial move toward the modelled central fair value; dispersion near 17% with deliberate left skew because high starting valuations historically widen the downside tail.

Three years, annualised

modeled
P90
+17.0%
P75
+11.8%
Median
+5.8%
P25
-0.2%
P10
-5.5%

Three-year explicit model with earnings compounding near 7.5% a year, a 1.2% dividend yield, and the forward multiple drifting from 19.1x toward 17.5x, which subtracts roughly 2.9 percentage points a year; discounted consistently with a 5.21% ten-year yield plus a three-point premium.

Against the Treasury hurdle

1y Treasury
4.48%
Modeled excess
-0.7%
Basis
direct

A modelled annual shortfall of about 0.7% against the 4.48% one-year Treasury par yield. Cash offers a comparable or better modelled one-year return with no valuation risk, which is the plainest statement of the price discipline this asset class currently demands.

Instruments

10 in this asset class

SymbolValuationFair valueLast close1y modeled
SPY
US Large-Cap Index
-1.9Expensive90.1$778.01+3.8%
DIA
US Blue-Chip Index
—Unavailable95.0$516.21+3.8%
IWM
US Small-Cap Index
—Unavailable97.0$276.70+3.8%
QQQ
US Technology Index
—Unavailable86.0$743.57+3.8%
RSP
US Equal-Weight Index
—Unavailable96.6$213.30+3.8%
SMH
US Semiconductor Sector
—Unavailable—$588.12—
XLF
US Financial Sector
—Unavailable—$54.82—
XLI
US Industrial Sector
—Unavailable—$168.67—
XLV
US Healthcare Sector
—Unavailable—$169.66—
XLY
US Consumer Discretionary Sector
—Unavailable—$112.36—