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US Equities

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Modeled fair value
SPY · US Large-Cap Index
-1.7Expensive
30507090110130FAIRMARKET
P10–P90P25–P75Median fair valueToday's market price = 100

Today’s price sits at the 77.5th percentile of modeled fair value — 23% of modeled scenarios put fair value above the market.

Median fair value
90.2
index, market = 100
Upside to median
-9.8%
Last close
$773.93
2026-10-08
Confidence
high
82/100
Modeled returns

Return distributions, not point forecasts

Percentiles describe the spread of scenario outcomes under the stated method. The width of the range carries as much information as the midpoint.

One year

modeled
P90
+23.0%
P75
+14.5%
Median
+5.5%
P25
-3.0%
P10
-15.0%

66% of modeled scenarios end positive.

Decomposes return into the forward-earnings roll, the dividend yield and valuation change. The 17.7% consensus one-year growth estimate is haircut to a 7% roll in forward earnings, reflecting the historical tendency of consensus growth to overshoot; a one-fifth drift toward the modeled fair-value median contributes a 2.0% multiple drag, and a 1.05% dividend yield is added. Net repurchases are excluded because they are already captured in per-share earnings growth.

Three years, annualised

modeled
P90
+13.5%
P75
+10.0%
Median
+6.0%
P25
+1.5%
P10
-3.0%

Three-year model using a 7% nominal earnings compound growth rate, roughly 4.5% real plus expected inflation, rather than the 9.53% real five-year rate implied by consensus; a 45% convergence toward the modeled fair-value median spread over three years; and a 1.05% dividend yield. Partial rather than full normalisation of the aggregate capitalisation measures is assumed.

Against the Treasury hurdle

1y Treasury
4.44%
Modeled excess
+1.1%
Basis
direct

A modeled edge of roughly 1.1 percentage points over the 4.44% one-year Treasury par yield is thin compensation for a 38 percentage point modeled tenth-to-ninetieth percentile return range. Stated plainly, a one-year Treasury currently offers a competitive central return with materially lower uncertainty than the broad US equity market.

Instruments

10 in this asset class

SymbolValuationFair valueLast close1y modeled
SPY
US Large-Cap Index
-1.7Expensive90.2$773.93+5.5%
QQQ
US Technology Index
—Unavailable—$747.58—
DIA
US Blue-Chip Index
—Unavailable—$511.65—
RSP
US Equal-Weight Index
—Unavailable—$211.87—
IWM
US Small-Cap Index
—Unavailable—$277.57—
SMH
US Semiconductor Sector
—Unavailable—$607.27—
XLF
US Financial Sector
—Unavailable—$54.23—
XLI
US Industrial Sector
—Unavailable—$168.40—
XLV
US Healthcare Sector
—Unavailable—$168.16—
XLY
US Consumer Discretionary Sector
—Unavailable—$111.71—