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US Equities

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Modeled fair value
SPY · US Large-Cap Index
-2.2Expensive
406080100120140160FAIRMARKET
P10–P90P25–P75Median fair valueToday's market price = 100

Today’s price sits at the 87.0th percentile of modeled fair value — 14% of modeled scenarios put fair value above the market.

Axis widened to 40–160 to show the full modeled range; the published renderer axis of 50–160 would clip this distribution’s tails.

Median fair value
90.2
index, market = 100
Upside to median
-9.8%
Last close
$764.20
2026-09-29
Confidence
high
82/100
Modeled returns

Return distributions, not point forecasts

Percentiles describe the spread of scenario outcomes under the stated method. The width of the range carries as much information as the midpoint.

One year

modeled
P90
+22.0%
P75
+13.5%
Median
+5.5%
P25
-3.0%
P10
-16.0%

62% of modeled scenarios end positive.

Sustainable earnings growth of about 7%, well below the 17.6% one-year consensus because that figure is levered off a record profit share, plus a dividend yield of about 1.2%, less 22% of the modeled -9.8% fair-value gap converging within the year. Net buybacks are treated as inside earnings growth rather than added separately to avoid double counting. The scenario-implied beat probability is diagnostic only: the 4.58% one-year Treasury par hurdle sits between the modeled P25 of -3.0% and the median of 5.5%, which the consistency check places in the 50% to 75% band.

Three years, annualised

modeled
P90
+12.0%
P75
+8.5%
Median
+4.5%
P25
+0.5%
P10
-4.0%

Three-year explicit model: forward EPS compounded at about 10% for three years, below the one-year consensus and above the long-run real-plus-inflation norm, a terminal forward multiple of 18.0x, dividends and buybacks included, discounted at the 5.26% ten-year Treasury yield plus a 5.5% equity risk premium. The three-year median is below the one-year median because more of the modeled valuation gap is assumed to close over the longer horizon.

Against the Treasury hurdle

1y Treasury
4.58%
Expected excess
+0.9%
Basis
direct

The narrowest positive modeled edge of any equity class in this report: 0.92 percentage points over the 4.58% one-year Treasury par yield, inside a modeled P10 to P90 return range of 38 percentage points. Stated plainly, a one-year Treasury currently offers a broadly comparable central expected return with materially lower uncertainty, and the forward earnings yield of 5.21% is itself 5 basis points below the ten-year Treasury yield.

Instruments

10 in this asset class

SymbolValuationFair valueLast close1y modeled
DIA
US Blue-Chip Index
-1.5Expensive94.0$512.88+6.5%
IWM
US Small-Cap Index
-0.6Somewhat expensive99.0$279.01+7.7%
QQQ
US Technology Index
-2.4Exceptionally expensive89.0$737.93+5.2%
RSP
US Equal-Weight Index
-1.3Expensive95.0$209.50+6.7%
SMH
US Semiconductor Sector
-3.0Exceptionally expensive78.0$606.90+2.5%
SPY
US Large-Cap Index
-2.2Expensive90.2$764.20+5.5%
XLF
US Financial Sector
-1.0Somewhat expensive97.0$54.01+7.2%
XLI
US Industrial Sector
-2.1Expensive91.0$169.13+5.7%
XLV
US Healthcare Sector
+0.3Fair104.0$170.73+8.9%
XLY
US Consumer Discretionary Sector
-2.6Exceptionally expensive88.0$109.15+4.9%